Litigation

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Overview

The United States has a common law adversarial system for resolving disputes, with specific rules of civil procedure dictating what happens when a civil lawsuit is filed. This process, called litigation, can be long and expensive. Most civil suits are resolved by settlement, arbitration, or mediation and do not go to trial.

Civil litigation has different rules and procedures than a criminal action, which involves charges against an individual by the state or federal government for violating a law or laws. Civil actions largely involve disputes over contracts, property, or torts.

The litigation process is governed by rules of civil procedure. Federal courts follow the federal rules of civil procedure, while state courts follow their own rules of civil procedure. The rules vary from state to state and even from court to court within the same jurisdiction, and they are essential to know because they mandate every step of litigation and set deadlines for filing pleadings and motions, as well as trial. Litigants, or their attorneys, must follow the rules to know what must be filed when, and if they do not, the case may not be successful at trial or the lawsuit may even be dismissed.

A lawsuit begins when a plaintiff files a complaint which sets forth the legal and factual reasons for the dispute, as well as what remedies the plaintiff (or plaintiffs) seek to recover from one or more defendants. After the plaintiff files the complaint with the court, the court issues a summons to notify the defendant of the lawsuit. The defendant may respond by filing an answer with the court which denies plaintiff's allegations and and sets forth his defenses. The complaint and answer are called pleadings and are usually written by attorneys, although in most courts, litigants can choose to represent themselves and write their own pleadings.

Any number of claims and defenses, based on numerous laws, may be brought within a single lawsuit. Plaintiffs and defendants can bring any number of cross-claims and counterclaims against each other, subject to certain rules of law, and can even bring additional parties into the suit after it begins.

Once the complaint and answer have been filed, the next phase of litigation is pre-trial. In order to prepare for trial, the parties participate in discovery, which is an ordered exchange of evidence and statements between the parties. The purpose of discovery is to avoid surprise at trial and clarify the legal and factual issues of the case. The discovery process allows parties to know how strong their cases are, depending on what evidence the other party produces and what witnesses say in depositions, when their sworn testimony is taken before a court reporter. Expert witnesses may be hired to give their opinions for each party.

The parties may also make motions to the court during the discovery process to include or exclude some legal issues or facts at trial. Litigants often reach a settlement during the discovery phase, especially as costs of litigation mount. If the parties do not settle the suit, it will go to trial.

A trial is an event in which parties to a dispute obtain resolution by presenting evidence and legal argument in a court before a judge, jury, or other designated finder of fact. A trial held only before a judge is called a bench trial, while a trial held before members of the community—in varying numbers from state to state—is called a jury trial. The judge or jury will hear testimony, view evidence, and make decisions to resolve the dispute.

The outcome will be affected by the standard of proof, or obligation to prove allegations that are charged. In civil trials, depending on the applicable law, the case must be proven either by "clear and convincing evidence," whereby the party with the burden of proof must convince the trier of fact that it is substantially more likely than not that the allegation is in fact true; or "preponderance of the evidence," which simply requires that the matter asserted seem more likely true than not.

Civil standards of proof are less strict than in a criminal trial, wherein the government must prove its case against the defendant "beyond a reasonable doubt." This can lead to very different results. For example, in a criminal trial, the Los Angeles County District Attorney could not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that O.J. Simpson was guilty of murder; however, in the subsequent civil trial, the victim's family was able to establish by a preponderance of the evidence—which is a lower standard of proof— that Mr. Simpson was liable for wrongful death.

After the judge or jury hears all the evidence, they will arrive at a decision regarding the individual claims set forth in the case. If the judge or jury finds for the plaintiff, it may then decide on the appropriate remedy or remedies, depending on the law applied. The remedy may be in the form of money damages or an equitable remedy, such as the issuance of an injunction to compel or prevent one party's actions. Usually the award is money, with the goal of putting the prevailing party in the same position it would have been in had the wrong not occurred.

After a final decision has been made, either party or both may appeal from the judgment if they are unhappy with it. The case will then go to an appellate court. Each jurisdiction has its own level of review by appellate courts, but all states and the federal government offer some form of appellate review. The appellate court will either affirm the judgment, refuse to hear the case, reverse, or vacate and remand the case, sending the lawsuit back to the trial court to address an unresolved issue. A whole new trial may be ordered, and the entire litigation process can thus take many years to finally reach a conclusion.

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Featured Cases

PROTECTION STRATEGIES, INC. v. SANDI GROUP, INC.
1:2011cv01150
Filed in District Of Columbia District Court
Type of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Plaintiff: PROTECTION STRATEGIES, INC. Defendant: SANDI GROUP, INC.
Judge: Henry H. Kennedy
Cause Of Action: Motion to Confirm Arbitration Loan
(July 7, 2011)
Blackwater Security Consulting, LLC et al v Nordan
2:2006cv00049
Filed in North Carolina Eastern District Court
Type of Suit: Other Contract
Petitioner: Blackwater Security Consulting, LLC, Blackwater Lodge & Training Center, Inc., Respondent: Richard P. Nordan
Judge: James C. Fox
Cause Of Action: U.S. Arbitration Act
(January 20, 2011)
CANADIAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL, LTD. v. OTTAWA RAPIDZ et al
1:2009cv00093
Filed in North Carolina Middle District Court
Type of Suit: Other Contract
Petitioner: CANADIAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL, LTD., Respondent: OTTAWA RAPIDZ, ROB HALL, SHELAGH O'CONNOR, OTTAWA PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL INC.
Judge: UNASSIGNED
Cause Of Action: Diversity
(February 17, 2010)
Arizona Cardinals Football Club, Inc. et al v. Bryant et al
2:2008cv01541
Filed in Arizona District Court
Type of Suit: Labor/Management Relations
Plaintiff: Arizona Cardinals Football Club, Inc., National Football League Management Council; Defendant: Wendell Bryant, National Football League Players Association
Judge: Magistrate Judge Lawrence O Anderson
Cause Of Action: Federal Question
(April 6, 2009)
The National Football League Players Association et al v. ...
1:2008cv03658
Filed in New York Southern District Court
Type of Suit: Labor/Management Relations
Petitioner: The National Football League Players Association, Respondent: The National Football League Management Council
Judge: Paul A. Crotty
Cause Of Action: Federal Question
(March 25, 2009)

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Legislation

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A bill to develop the next generation of parental control technology.
December 01, 2008: Signed by President.
(November 30, 2008)
Bill Signed by President: S.3197 National Guard and Reservists Debt Relief Act of 2008
A bill to amend title 11, United States Code, to exempt for a limited period, from the application of the means-test presumption of abuse under chapter 7, qualifying members of reserve components of the Armed Forces and members of the National Guard who, after September 11, 2001, are called to active duty or to perform a homeland defense activity for not less than 90 days.
October 19, 2008: Signed by President.
(October 18, 2008)
Bill Signed by President: S.3001 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009
An original bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2009 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes.
October 13, 2008: Signed by President.
(October 12, 2008)
Bill Enacted: S.2304 Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Reauthorization and ...
A bill to amend title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to provide grants for the improved mental health treatment and services provided to offenders with mental illnesses, and for other purposes.
October 13, 2008: Became Public Law No: 110-416.
(October 12, 2008)
Bill Signed by President: H.R.928 Improving Government Accountability Act
To amend the Inspector General Act of 1978 to enhance the independence of the Inspectors General, to create a Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency, and for other purposes.
October 13, 2008: Signed by President.
(October 12, 2008)

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Articles

Suit, Settlement, and Forum Selection
Neel U. Sukhatme Princeton University, Department of Economics Date Posted: January 22, 2012 Working Paper Series 7 downloads An Ounce of Prevention: Avoiding Waste with Early Motions Attacking Class Certification Tom Kayes Northwestern University School of Law Date Posted: January 20, 2012 Working Paper Series 7 downloads Personal Jurisdiction and Product Liability USC Law and Economics Research Papers Series No. C12-2, USC Legal Studies Research Papers Series No. 12-4 Daniel Klerman University of Southern California Law School Date Posted: January 20, 2012 Last Revised: February 17, 2012
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Patent Litigation and the Internet
John R. Allison , Emerson H. Tiller and Samantha Zyontz McCombs School of Busniess, University of Texas , Northwestern University - School of Law and George Mason University School of Law - Searle Civil Justice Center Date Posted: January 22, 2012 Working Paper Series 21 downloads Suit, Settlement, and Forum Selection Neel U. Sukhatme Princeton University, Department of Economics Date Posted: January 22, 2012 Working Paper Series 7 downloads An Ounce of Prevention: Avoiding Waste with Early Motions Attacking Class Certification Tom Kayes Northwestern University School of Law Date Posted: January 20, 2012 Working Paper Series 7 downloads Personal Jurisdiction and Product Liability USC Law and Economics Research Papers Series No. C12-2, USC Legal Studies Research Papers Series No. 12-4 Daniel Klerman University of Southern California Law School Date Posted: January 20, 2012 Last Revised: February 17, 2012
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On the Effectiveness of European Cartel Law Enforcement (Council Regulation 1/2003) â A Monte ...
Birgit E. Will , Martin Becker and Dieter Schmidtchen Saarland University - Center for the Study of Law and Economics , Saarland University - Department of Economics and Statistics and Saarland University - Center for the Study of Law and Economics Date Posted: February 12, 2012 Working Paper Series 6 downloads The Need for Both Strong Regulators and Strong Laws: Evidence from a Natural Experiment UNSW Australian School of Business Research Paper Mark Humphery-Jenner University of New South Wales (UNSW) - School of Banking and Finance Date Posted: February 12, 2012 Working Paper Series 1 downloads The 70th Annual Conference of the University of Latvia in the Legal Science: A Plenary Session on the Legal Environment of Innovations: A Conference Report Vadim Mantrov University of Latvia Date Posted: February 11, 2012 Working Paper Series 1 downloads The First Ever (Maybe) Original Jurisdiction Standings Journal of Law, Vol. 2, (Journal of Legal Metrics, Vol. 1), No. 19, 2012, Boston Univ. School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 12-05 Jay Wexler and David Hatton Boston University School of Law and Boston University - School of Law Date Posted: February 11, 2012 Accepted Paper Series 10 downloads To Unity and Beyond? The Boundaries of European Private International Law and the European Ius Commune Geert van Calster K.U. Leuven Date Posted: February 11, 2012 Working Paper Series 2 downloads Affordable Care Act Litigation: The Standing Paradox American Journal of Law and Medicine, 2012 Elizabeth Weeks Leonard University of Georgia School of Law Date Posted: February 10, 2012 Last Revised: February 16, 2012
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Ethical Problems in Class Arbitration
Journal of Dispute Resolution, p. 309, 2011 Andrew M. Powell and Richard A. Bales Northern Kentucky University and Northern Kentucky University - Salmon P. Chase College of Law Date Posted: February 06, 2012 Last Revised: February 16, 2012
(February 15, 2012)
An American Perspective on the New Japanese Act on General Rules for Application of Laws
Japanese Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 59, pp. 298-313, 2009, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper Ronald A. Brand and Tabitha S. Fish University of Pittsburgh - School of Law and Saxon, Gilmore, Carraway & Gibbons, P.A. Date Posted: February 16, 2012 Accepted Paper Series 3 downloads Bemiddelingsbeding in Vennootschapsakten (Mediation Clauses in Corporate Bye-Laws) Niek Verslype, LIBER AMICORUM LUC WEYTS, pp. 847-866, Larcier, Brussels, 2011 Alain-Laurent Verbeke and Niek Verslype University of Leuven, Faculty of Law, Department of Private Law and affiliation not provided to SSRN Date Posted: February 16, 2012 Accepted Paper Series 1 downloads Do Athletes Really Have the Right to a Fair Trial in 'Non-Analytical Positive' Doping Cases? American Review of International Arbitration, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 189-240, 2011 JÃ©rÃ´me de Montmollin and Dmitry A. Pentsov Froriep Renggli and Froriep Renggli Date Posted: February 15, 2012 Last Revised: February 16, 2012
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Litigation

Overview

Featured Cases

PROTECTION STRATEGIES, INC. v. SANDI GROUP, INC.

Blackwater Security Consulting, LLC et al v Nordan

CANADIAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL, LTD. v. OTTAWA RAPIDZ et al

Arizona Cardinals Football Club, Inc. et al v. Bryant et al

The National Football League Players Association et al v. ...

Legislation

Bill Signed by President: S.602 Child Safe Viewing Act of 2007

Bill Signed by President: S.3197 National Guard and Reservists Debt Relief Act of 2008

Bill Signed by President: S.3001 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009

Bill Enacted: S.2304 Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Reauthorization and ...

Bill Signed by President: H.R.928 Improving Government Accountability Act

Articles

Suit, Settlement, and Forum Selection

Patent Litigation and the Internet

On the Effectiveness of European Cartel Law Enforcement (Council Regulation 1/2003) â A Monte ...

Ethical Problems in Class Arbitration

An American Perspective on the New Japanese Act on General Rules for Application of Laws

News

Blogs

Maxwell Charles Livingston Esq.

Kimberly K. Schreiber

Andrew Bresalier

Mark A. Siesel

Burton A. Padove

Andrew Bresalier