CALCRIM No. 441. Solicitation: Elements (Pen. Code, § 653f)

Judicial Council of California Criminal Jury Instructions (2023 edition)

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441.Solicitation: Elements (Pen. Code, § 653f)
The defendant is charged [in Count ] with soliciting another
person to commit a crime [in violation of Penal Code section 653f].
To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must
prove that:
1. The defendant requested [or <insert other synonyms
for solicit as appropriate>] another person to commit [or join in
the commission of] the crime of <insert target
offense>;
[AND]
2. The defendant intended that the crime of <insert
target offense> be committed(;/.)
<Give element 3 when instructing that person solicited must receive
message; see Bench Notes.>
[AND
3. The other person received the communication containing the
request.]
To decide whether the defendant intended that the person commit
<insert target offense>, please refer to the separate
instructions that I (will give/have given) you on that crime.
<Alternative A - Corroboration by One Witness>
[The crime of solicitation must be proved by the testimony of at least
one witness and corroborating evidence.]
<Alternative B - Corroboration by Two Witnesses>
[The crime of solicitation must be proved by the testimony of at least
two witnesses or by the testimony of one witness and corroborating
evidence.]
Corroborating evidence is evidence that (1) tends to connect the
defendant with the commission of the crime and (2) is independent of the
evidence given by the witness who testified about the solicitation or
independent of the facts testified to by that witness. Corroborating
evidence need not be strong or even enough to establish each element by
itself. Corroborating evidence may include the defendant’s acts,
statements, or conduct, or any other circumstance that tends to connect
(him/her) to the crime.
[A person is guilty of solicitation even if the crime solicited is not
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completed or even started. The person solicited does not have to agree to
commit the crime.]
[If you find the defendant guilty of solicitation, you must decide how
many crimes (he/she) solicited. When deciding this question, consider the
following factors:
1. Were the crimes solicited part of a plan with a single objective or
motive or did each crime solicited have a different objective or
motive?
2. Were the crimes solicited to be committed at the same time?
3. Were the crimes solicited to be committed in the same place?
4. Were the crimes solicited to be committed in the same way?
5. Was the payment, if any, for the crimes solicited one amount or
were different amounts solicited for each crime?
Consider all of these factors when deciding whether the defendant’s
alleged acts were a single crime or <insert number of
solicitations alleged by the People> separate crimes of solicitation.]
New January 2006
BENCH NOTES
Instructional Duty
The court has a sua sponte duty to give an instruction defining the elements of the
crime.
The court has a sua sponte duty to instruct on the elements of the target offense.
(See People v. Baskins (1946) 72 Cal.App.2d 728, 732 [165 P.2d 510].) Give all
relevant instructions on the target crime alleged. If the crime is solicitation to
commit murder, do not instruct on implied malice murder. (People v. Bottger (1983)
142 Cal.App.3d 974, 980-981 [191 Cal.Rptr. 408].)
One court has held that the person solicited must actually receive the solicitous
communication. (People v. Saephanh (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 451, 458-459 [94
Cal.Rptr.2d 910].) In Saephanh, the defendant mailed a letter from prison containing
a solicitation to harm the fetus of his girlfriend. (Id. at p. 453.) The letter was
intercepted by prison authorities and, thus, never received by the intended person.
(Ibid.) If there is an issue over whether the intended person actually received the
communication, give bracketed element 3.
A blank has also been provided in element one to permit substituting other words
for “solicit.” Other approved language includes: to ask, entreat, implore, importune,
to make petition to, to plead for, to try to obtain, or to offer or invite another to
commit a crime. (People v. Gordon (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 465, 472 [120 Cal.Rptr.
840]; People v. Phillips (1945) 70 Cal.App.2d 449, 453 [160 P.2d 872]; People v.
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Sanchez (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1490, 1494 [71 Cal.Rptr.2d 309]; Laurel v. Superior
Court for Los Angeles County (1967) 255 Cal.App.2d 292, 298 [63 Cal.Rptr. 114].)
Penal Code section 653f lists those crimes that may be the target of a solicitation. If
the target crime is listed in subdivision (a) or (b) of that section, insert the bracketed
portion “[or join in the commission of].” If the target crime is listed in subdivision
(c), (d), or (e), of the section, omit that bracketed portion. (See People v. Herman
(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1369, 1380 [119 Cal.Rptr.2d 199.)
When instructing on the corroboration requirements, if the target crime is listed in
subdivision (d) or (e) of section 653f, give Alternative A. If the target crime is listed
in subdivision (a), (b), or (c) of section 653f, give Alternative B.
Authority is divided on whether the judge or jury is to determine the number of
solicitations if multiple crimes were solicited by the defendant. The bracketed
portion at the end of the instruction should be given if multiple solicitations have
been charged and the trial court determines that this is a question for the jury.
(Compare People v. Davis (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 317, 322-323 [259 Cal.Rptr. 348]
with People v. Morocco (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 1449, 1454 [237 Cal.Rptr. 113].) If
the court decides to present this issue to the jury, multiple target offenses must be
inserted in elements 1 and 2, and the paragraph immediately following the elements.
AUTHORITY
Elements. Pen. Code, § 653f.
Corroboration. People v. Phillips (1985) 41 Cal.3d 29, 75-76 [222 Cal.Rptr. 127,
711 P.2d 423]; People v. Baskins (1946) 72 Cal.App.2d 728, 732 [165 P.2d 510].
Solicitation Defined. People v. Gordon (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 465, 472 [120
Cal.Rptr. 840]; People v. Sanchez (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1490, 1494 [71
Cal.Rptr.2d 309]; see People v. Herman (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1369, 1380 [119
Cal.Rptr.2d 199] [since a minor cannot violate § 288 by engaging in lewd
conduct with an adult, an adult who asks a minor to engage in such conduct
does not violate § 653f(c)].
RELATED ISSUES
Crime Committed Outside of California
The solicitation of a person in California to commit a felony outside the state
constitutes solicitation. (People v. Burt (1955) 45 Cal.2d 311, 314 [288 P.2d 503].)
Solicitation of Murder
When defining the crime of murder, in the case of a solicitation of murder, the trial
court must not instruct on implied malice as an element of murder. Because the
“crime of solicitation to commit murder occurs when the solicitor purposely seeks to
have someone killed and tries to engage someone to do the killing,” the person must
have express malice to be guilty of the solicitation. (People v. Bottger (1983) 142
Cal.App.3d 974, 981 [191 Cal.Rptr. 408].) An instruction on murder that includes
implied malice as an element has the potential of confusing the jury. (Ibid.)
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SECONDARY SOURCES
1 Witkin & Epstein, California Criminal Law (4th ed. 2012) Elements, §§ 32-35.
6 Millman, Sevilla & Tarlow, California Criminal Defense Practice, Ch. 141,
Conspiracy, Solicitation, and Attempt, § 141.10 (Matthew Bender).
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