Refusing a Chemical Test in a DUI Stop & Implied Consent Laws
Refusing Breath and Blood Tests
In addition to undergoing a field sobriety test, a driver who is stopped for a suspected DUI may also be asked to agree to a chemical test in order for law enforcement officers to determine his or her blood alcohol concentration. If a driver refuses to perform the test, penalties may be imposed.
What Are Chemical Tests?
Chemical tests, also known as sobriety tests, are tests conducted in order to ascertain the amount of alcohol currently in an individual’s system. By determining a driver’s blood alcohol concentration, law enforcement can figure out if a driver is illegally driving while intoxicated. Three common forms of chemical tests are a breath test, a blood test, and a urine analysis.
Breath tests are the easiest and most commonplace means of determining a driver’s blood alcohol concentration. The equipment measures the alcohol content in an individual’s breath and then converts that into a blood alcohol percentage. In most states, an individual with a percentage of .08 or higher is considered to be driving while intoxicated.
Blood and urine sample analyses require more time and effort on the part of the driver and law enforcement. Blood tests are generally considered more accurate than breath tests, while urine tests are often considered less accurate than the other two types of tests.
Implied Consent
Although a driver may not be compelled to undertake a chemical test, refusal to do so can subject the driver to penalties. This is because most states have implied consent laws. Under implied consent laws, someone who drives in the state automatically consents to chemical tests upon being arrested for drunk driving or in certain other situations specified by state law.
Since a driver who refuses to complete a chemical test violates the implied consent arrangement, almost every state imposes a mandatory driver’s license suspension on the driver. This may vary in length from six months to a year. Additionally, in some states, such as New York, fines may also be imposed. If a driver who refuses a test is later found guilty of a DUI, the refusal can be considered by the court in determining whether to impose heightened punishment on the driver for the DUI.
No-Refusal Policies
In many instances, a driver may refuse a chemical test in order to require law enforcement to obtain a warrant to conduct a test. In theory, this gives the driver time to “sober up,” and it may prevent the driver from being arrested for a DUI. Since punishment for a failure to perform a chemical test is lighter than the possible penalty for a DUI charge, drivers may find that this trade-off is worth it.
In order to discourage drivers from taking this approach, some states have enacted “no-refusal policies.” These policies allow law enforcement to immediately contact an on-call judge and obtain a warrant to conduct a blood alcohol test. The warrant is then sent to the law enforcement officer’s phone or computer, allowing the test to be conducted quickly. This approach is termed “no-refusal” because once a law enforcement officer has obtained an immediate warrant, the driver cannot refuse to submit to the test without facing the possibility of serious punishment, such as contempt or obstruction of justice charges. The hope is that these policies will discourage drivers from avoiding chemical tests by eliminating the likelihood that the driver can sober up in the interim.
