CACI No. VF-1702. Defamation per se (Private Figure - Matter of Public Concern)
Judicial Council of California Civil Jury Instructions (2025 edition)
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VF-1702.Defamation per se (Private Figure - Matter of Public
Concern)
We answer the questions submitted to us as follows:
1. Did [name of defendant] make the following statement to [a
person/persons] other than [name of plaintiff]? [Insert claimed per
se defamatory statement.]
1. Yes No
1. If your answer to question 1 is yes, then answer question 2. If you
answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and have
the presiding juror sign and date this form.
2. Did the [person/people] to whom the statement was made
reasonably understand that the statement was about [name of
plaintiff]?
2. Yes No
2. If your answer to question 2 is yes, then answer question 3. If you
answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and have
the presiding juror sign and date this form.
3. Did [this person/these people] reasonably understand the
statement to mean that [insert ground(s) for defamation per se, e.g.,
“[name of plaintiff] had committed a crime”]?
3. Yes No
3. If your answer to question 3 is yes, then answer question 4. If you
answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and have
the presiding juror sign and date this form.
4. Was the statement false?
4. Yes No
4. If your answer to question 4 is yes, then answer question 5. If you
answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and have
the presiding juror sign and date this form.
5. Did [name of defendant] fail to use reasonable care to determine
the truth or falsity of the statement?
5. Yes No
5. If your answer to question 5 is yes, then answer question 6. If you
answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and have
the presiding juror sign and date this form.
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ACTUAL DAMAGES
6. Was [name of defendant]’s conduct a substantial factor in causing
[name of plaintiff] actual harm?
6. Yes No
6. If your answer to question 6 is yes, then answer question 7. If you
answered no, skip question 7 and answer question 8.
7. What are [name of plaintiff]’s actual damages for:
[a. Harm to [name of plaintiff]’s property, business, trade,
profession, or occupation? .............. $ ]
[b. Expenses [name of plaintiff] had to pay as a result of the
defamatory statements? ................ $ ]
[c. Harm to [name of plaintiff]’s reputation? ...... $ ]
[d. Shame, mortification, or hurt feelings?........ $ ]
7. [If [name of plaintiff] has not proved any actual damages for
either c or d, answer question 8. If [name of plaintiff] has proved
actual damages for both c and d, skip questions 8 and 9 and
answer question 10.]
ASSUMED DAMAGES
8. Did [name of plaintiff] prove by clear and convincing evidence that
[name of defendant] knew the statement was false or had serious
doubts about the truth of the statement?
8. Yes No
8. If your answer to question 8 is yes, then answer question 9. If you
answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and have
the presiding juror sign and date this form.
9. What are the damages you award [name of plaintiff] for the
assumed harm to [his/her/nonbinary pronoun] reputation and for
shame, mortification, or hurt feelings? You must award at least a
nominal sum.
$
9. Regardless of your answer to question 9, skip question 10 and
answer question 11.
PUNITIVE DAMAGES
10. Did [name of plaintiff] prove by clear and convincing evidence that
[name of defendant] knew the statement was false or had serious
doubts about the truth of the statement?
DEFAMATION VF-1702
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10. Yes No
10. If your answer to question 10 is yes, then answer question 11. If
you answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and
have the presiding juror sign and date this form.
11. Did [name of plaintiff] prove by clear and convincing evidence that
[name of defendant] acted with malice, oppression, or fraud?
11. Yes No
11. If your answer to question 11 is yes, then answer question 12. If
you answered no, stop here, answer no further questions, and
have the presiding juror sign and date this form.
12. What amount, if any, do you award as punitive damages against
[name of defendant]?
$
Signed: Presiding Juror
Dated:
After [this verdict form has/all verdict forms have] been signed, notify
the [clerk/bailiff/court attendant].
New September 2003; Revised December 2005, April 2008, October 2008,
December 2010, December 2016, May 2017, May 2024
Directions for Use
This verdict form is based on CACI No. 1702, Defamation per se - Essential
Factual Elements (Private Figure - Matter of Public Concern).
The special verdict forms in this section are intended only as models. They may
need to be modified depending on the facts of the case.
Multiple statements may need to be set out separately, and if separate damages are
claimed as to each statement, separate verdict forms may be needed for each
statement because all the elements may need to be found as to each statement.
Give the jury question 3 only if the statement is not defamatory on its face.
In question 7, omit damage items c and d if the plaintiff elects not to present proof
of actual damages for harm to reputation and for shame, mortification, or hurt
feelings. Whether or not proof for both categories is offered, include question 8. For
these categories, the jury may find that no actual damages have been proven but
must still make an award of assumed damages.
Additional questions may be needed on the issue of punitive damages if the
defendant is a corporate or other entity.
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Omit question 12 if the issue of punitive damages has been bifurcated.
If there is a dispute as to whether the statement in question 1 is one of fact or
opinion, an additional question or questions will be needed. See CACI No. 1707,
Fact Versus Opinion.
If there are multiple causes of action, users may wish to combine the individual
forms into one form. If different damages are recoverable on different causes of
action, replace the damages tables in all of the verdict forms with CACI No. VF-
3920, Damages on Multiple Legal Theories.
If the jury is given the discretion under Civil Code section 3288 to award
prejudgment interest (see Bullis v. Security Pac. Nat’l Bank (1978) 21 Cal.3d 801,
814 [148 Cal.Rptr. 22, 582 P.2d 109]), give CACI No. 3935, Prejudgment Interest.
This verdict form may need to be augmented for the jury to make any factual
findings that are required in order to calculate the amount of prejudgment interest.
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