CACI No. 3070. Disability Discrimination - Access Barriers to Public Facility - Construction- Related Accessibility Standards Act - Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, §§ 54.3, 55.56)
Judicial Council of California Civil Jury Instructions (2025 edition)
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3070.Disability Discrimination - Access Barriers to Public
Facility - Construction-Related Accessibility Standards
Act - Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, §§ 54.3, 55.56)
[Name of defendant] is the owner of [a/an] [e.g., restaurant] named [name
of business] that is open to the public. [Name of plaintiff] is a person with
a disability who [specify disability that creates accessibility problems].
[Name of plaintiff] claims that [he/she/nonbinary pronoun] was denied full
and equal access to [name of defendant]’s business on a particular
occasion because of physical barriers. To establish this claim, [name of
plaintiff] must prove both of the following:
1. That [name of defendant]’s business had barriers that violated
construction-related accessibility standards in that [specify
barriers]; and [either]
2. [That [name of plaintiff] personally encountered the violation on a
particular occasion.]
2. [or]
2. [That [name of plaintiff] was deterred from accessing [name of
defendant]’s business on a particular occasion.]
[A violation that [name of plaintiff] personally encountered may be
sufficient to cause a denial of full and equal access if [he/she/nonbinary
pronoun] experienced difficulty, discomfort, or embarrassment because of
the violation.]
[To prove that [name of plaintiff] was deterred from accessing [name of
defendant]’s business on a particular occasion, [he/she/nonbinary pronoun]
must prove both of the following:
1. That [name of plaintiff] had actual knowledge of one or more
violations that prevented or reasonably dissuaded
[him/her/nonbinary pronoun] from accessing [name of defendant]’s
business, which [name of plaintiff] intended to patronize on a
particular occasion.
2. That the violation(s) would have actually denied [name of plaintiff]
full and equal access if [he/she/nonbinary pronoun] had tried to
patronize [name of defendant]’s business on that particular
occasion.]
New December 2014; Revised December 2016, May 2020, November 2023
352
Directions for Use
Use this instruction if a plaintiff seeks statutory damages based on a construction-
related accessibility claim under the Disabled Persons Act (DPA) or the Unruh Civil
Rights Act. (See Civ. Code, § 55.56(a).) Do not give this instruction if actual
damages are sought. CACI No. 3067, Unruh Civil Rights Act - Damages, may be
given for claims for actual damages under the Unruh Act and adapted for use under
the DPA.
The DPA provides persons with disabilities or medical conditions with rights of
access to public facilities. (See Civ. Code, §§ 54, 54.1.) Under the DPA, a person
with a disability who encounters barriers to access at a public accommodation may
recover minimum statutory damages for each particular occasion on which the
person with a disability was denied access. (Civ. Code, §§ 54.3, 55.56(f).) However,
the Construction-Related Accessibility Standards Compliance Act requires that,
before statutory damages may be recovered, the person with a disability must have
either personally encountered the violation on a particular occasion or been deterred
from accessing the facility on a particular occasion. (See Civ. Code, § 55.56(b).)
Also, specified violations are deemed to be merely technical and are presumed to
not cause a person difficulty, discomfort, or embarrassment for the purpose of an
award of minimum statutory damages. (See Civ. Code, § 55.56(e).)
Give either or both options for element 2, depending on whether the plaintiff
personally encountered the barrier or was deterred from patronizing the business
because of awareness of the barrier. The next-to-last paragraph is explanatory of the
first option, and the last paragraph is explanatory of the second option.
Sources and Authority
• Disabled Persons Act: Right of Access to Public Facilities. Civil Code sections
54, 54.1.
• Action for Interference With Admittance to or Enjoyment of Public Facilities.
Civil Code section 54.3.
• Construction-Related Accessibility Standard Act. Civil Code section 55.56.
• “Part 2.5 of division 1 of the Civil Code, currently consisting of sections 54 to
55.3, is commonly referred to as the ‘Disabled Persons Act,’ although it has no
official title. Sections 54 and 54.1 generally guarantee individuals with
disabilities equal access to public places, buildings, facilities and services, as
well as common carriers, housing and places of public accommodation, while
section 54.3 specifies remedies for violations of these guarantees, including a
private action for damages.” (Munson v. Del Taco, Inc. (2009) 46 Cal.4th 661,
674 fn. 8 [94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d 623], internal citations omitted.)
• “[L]egislation (applicable to claims filed on or after Jan. 1, 2009 ([Civ. Code,]
§ 55.57)) restricts the availability of statutory damages under sections 52 and
54.3, permitting their recovery only if an accessibility violation actually denied
the plaintiff full and equal access, that is, only if ‘the plaintiff personally
encountered the violation on a particular occasion, or the plaintiff was deterred
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from accessing a place of public accommodation on a particular occasion’
(§ 55.56, subd. (b)). It also limits statutory damages to one assessment per
occasion of access denial, rather than being based on the number of accessibility
standards violated. (Id., subd. (e).)” (Munson,supra, 46 Cal.4th at pp. 677−678.)
• “ ‘[S]ection 54.3 imposes the standing requirement that the plaintiff have
suffered an actual denial of equal access before any suit for damages can be
brought. . . . [A] plaintiff cannot recover damages under section 54.3 unless the
violation actually denied him or her access to some public facility. [¶] Plaintiff’s
attempt to equate a denial of equal access with the presence of a violation of
federal or state regulations would nullify the standing requirement of section
54.3, since any disabled person could sue for statutory damages whenever he or
she encountered noncompliant facilities, regardless of whether that lack of
compliance actually impaired the plaintiff’s access to those facilities. Plaintiff’s
argument would thereby eliminate any distinction between a cause of action for
equitable relief under section 55 and a cause of action for damages under section
54.3.’ ” (Reycraft v. Lee (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 1211, 1223 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d
746].)
• “We do not read Reycraft and Urhausen for the proposition that plaintiffs may
not sue someone other than the owner or operator of the public facility described
in section 54, for violating a plaintiff’s rights under the DPA. A defendant’s
ability to control a particular location may ultimately be relevant to the question
of liability, that is, whether the defendant interfered with the plaintiff’s admission
to or enjoyment of a public facility. But nothing in the language of section 54.3
suggests that damages may not be recovered against nonowners or operators. To
the contrary, section 54.3 broadly and plainly provides: ‘[a]ny person or persons,
firm or corporation who denies or interferes with admittance to or enjoyment of
the public facilities as specified in [s]ections 54 and 54.1 or otherwise interferes
with the rights of an individual with a disability under [s]ections 54, 54.1 and
54.2 is liable for . . . actual damages . . . .’ ” (Ruiz v. Musclewood Investment
Properties, LLC (2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 15, 24 [238 Cal.Rptr.3d 835].)
• “In our view, Reycraft does not require that a plaintiff who sues for interference
of his rights must present himself to defendant’s business, with the intent to
utilize defendant’s services. Instead, a plaintiff who seeks damages for a
violation of section 54.3 must establish that he ‘presented himself’ to a ‘public
place’ with the intent of ‘utilizing its services in the manner in which those . . .
services are typically offered to the public and was actually denied’ admission or
enjoyment (or had his admission or enjoyment interfered with) on a particular
occasion. Here, as alleged, plaintiff presented himself at a public place (the
sidewalk) with the intent of using it in the manner it is typically offered to the
public (walking on it for travel), and actually had his enjoyment interfered with
on six occasions. Plaintiff therefore has standing to sue for damages.” (Ruiz,
supra, 28 Cal.App.5th at p. 24, original italics, internal citation omitted.)
• “Like the Unruh Civil Rights Act, the DPA incorporates the ADA to the extent
that ‘A violation of the right of an individual under the Americans with
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Disabilities Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-336) also constitutes a violation of this
section.’ (Civ. Code, § 54, subd. (c).” (Baughman v. Walt Disney World Co.
(2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1438, 1446 [159 Cal.Rptr.3d 825].)
Secondary Sources
8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law,
§ 1073-1076
11 California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 116, Civil Rights: Discrimination
in Business Establishments, § 116.36 (Matthew Bender)
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© Judicial Council of California.
