CALCRIM No. 2431. Possession of More Than $100,000 Related to Transaction Involving Controlled Substance: Money to Purchase (Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.6)

Judicial Council of California Criminal Jury Instructions (2023 edition)

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2431.Possession of More Than $100,000 Related to Transaction
Involving Controlled Substance: Money to Purchase (Health & Saf.
Code, § 11370.6)
The defendant is charged [in Count ] with the unlawful possession
of more than $100,000 intended for purchasing a controlled substance [in
violation of Health and Safety Code section 11370.6].
To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must
prove that:
1. The defendant possessed more than $100,000 in (cash/ [or]
<insert type[s] of negotiable instrument[s]>);
2. The defendant intended to use the (cash/ [or] <insert
type[s] of negotiable instrument[s]>) to unlawfully purchase
<insert name[s] of controlled substance[s]>, [a]
controlled substance[s];
AND
3. The defendant committed an act in substantial furtherance of the
purchase.
[In determining whether or not the defendant is guilty of this crime, you
may consider, in addition to any other relevant evidence:
[Whether the defendant had paid employment(;/.)]
[The opinion of a controlled substances expert on the source of the (cash/
[or] <insert type[s] of negotiable instrument[s]>)(;/.)]
[Documents or ledgers, if any, that show sales of controlled substances.]
You must decide the significance, if any, of this evidence.]
[Two or more people may possess something at the same time.]
[A person does not have to actually hold or touch something to possess
it. It is enough if the person has (control over it/ [or] the right to control
it), either personally or through another person.]
New January 2006
BENCH NOTES
Instructional Duty
The court has a sua sponte duty to instruct on the elements of this crime.
Give the bracketed paragraphs instructing that the jury may consider the defendant’s
employment, expert testimony, and ledgers if such evidence has been presented. If a
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controlled substances expert testifies, the court has a sua sponte duty to instruct the
jury on evaluating the expert’s testimony. (Pen. Code, § 1127b.) Give CALCRIM
No. 332, Expert Witness Testimony.
AUTHORITY
• Elements. Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.6.
• Possession Has Same Meaning as in Drug Possession Cases. People v. Howard
(1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1419, fn. 6 [39 Cal.Rptr.2d 766].
• Constructive vs. Actual Possession. People v. Barnes (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 552,
556 [67 Cal.Rptr.2d 162].
• Statute Constitutional. People v. Mitchell (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 783, 793 [36
Cal.Rptr.2d 150]; People v. Granados (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 517, 519 [20
Cal.Rptr.2d 131].
• Instruction on Factor to Consider Constitutional. People v. Mitchell (1994) 30
Cal.App.4th 783, 804-811 [36 Cal.Rptr.2d 150].
RELATED ISSUES
See the Related Issues section to CALCRIM No. 2430, Possession of More Than
$100,000 Related to Transaction Involving Controlled Substance: Proceeds.
SECONDARY SOURCES
2 Witkin & Epstein, California Criminal Law (4th ed. 2012) Crimes Against Public
Peace and Welfare, § 159.
6 Millman, Sevilla & Tarlow, California Criminal Defense Practice, Ch. 145,
Narcotics and Alcohol Offenses, § 145.01[4] (Matthew Bender).
CALCRIM No. 2431 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
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